History of Computer 计算机发展史 6 Important Corporations

Chapter 5
Important Corporations

295
5.1 The History of IBM
• (IBM) The best known American
computer manufacturer, founded by
Thomas J. Watson (born 1874-02-17),
known as "Big Blue" after the colour of
its logo. IBM makes everything from
mainframes to personal computers (PCs)
and has been immensely successful in
selling them, chiefly to business .

296
1880s
• Although IBM was incorporated(组合) in the state of
New York on June 15, 1911 as the Computing-
Tabulating- Recording Company (C-T-R), its origins
can be traced back to developments at the close of
the 19th century. For example, the first dial recorder
was invented by Dr. Alexander Dey in 1888, and
Dey's business became one of the building blocks of
C-T-R. Similarly, the Bundy Manufacturing
Company was incorporated in 1889 as the first time
recording company in the world, and it, too, later
became a key component of C-T-R.

297
1890s
• A U.S. government agency requirement
late in the 19th century led directly the
development of one of the company's
principal lines of business. During the
Industrial Revolution, when the United
States was receiving waves of new
immigration, the U.S. Census Bureau
recognized that its traditional counting
methods would be inadequate for
measuring the expanding population.

298
1890s
• As a result, the Bureau sponsored a contest to
find a more efficient means of tabulating
census data. The winner was Herman
Hollerith, son of a German immigrant and
Census Bureau statistician, whose Punch
Card Tabulating Machine used an electric
current to sense holes in punched cards and
keep a running total of data. Capitalizing on
his success, Hollerith formed the Tabulating
Machine Company in 1896.

299
1900s
• The first decade of the 20th century was
marked by a number business launches
and consolidations, all of which
eventually led to the formation of the
Computing- Tabulating- Recording
Company (C-T-R) - IBM's predecessor -
in 1911.

300
1900s
• For example, the International Time Recording
Company (ITR) was formed in 1900 and the
Computing Scale Company of America was
incorporated in 1901 - and these two businesses
were two of the three chief components of C-TR
a decade later. ITR itself acquired other
companies, such as the Dey Time Register
Company, during this period, broadening the
time recording equipment product line.

301
1910s
• In 1911, Charles F. Flint engineered the merger of
Hollerith‘s Tabulating Machine Company with two
others - Computing Scale Company of America and
International Time Recording Company. The
combined Computing- Tabulating- Recording
Company (C-T-R) manufactured and sold machinery
ranging from commercial scales and industrial time
recorders to meat and cheese slicers（切片机）, along
with tabulators and punched cards.
• Based in New York City, the company had 1,300
employees and offices and plants in Endicott and
Binghamton, New York; Dayton, Ohio; Detroit,
Michigan; Washington, D.C.; and Toronto, Ontario.

302
1910s
• When the diversified（各种各样的）
businesses of C-T-R proved difficult to
manage, Flint turned for help to the
former number two executive （前2号执
行官）at the National Cash Register
Company, Thomas J. Watson, Sr. In
1914, Watson, then age 40, joined the
company as general manager.

303
1910s
• Within 11 months of joining C-T-R, Watson
became its president. The company focused
on providing large-scale, custom-built
tabulating solutions for businesses, leaving
the market for small office products to others.
During Watson‘s first four years, revenues
（收入） more than doubled to $9 million.
He also expanded the company's operations
to Europe, South America, Asia and
Australia.

304
1920s
• In the years following World War I, C-T-R‘s
engineering and research staff developed new and
improved mechanisms to meet the broadening needs of
its customers. In 1920, the company introduced the
lock autograph（签名） recorder, the first complete
school time control system, and launched the Electric
Accounting Machine. In 1921, the company acquired
the business of the Ticketograph Company of Chicago,
and certain patents and other property of the Peirce
Accounting Machine Company. The Carroll Rotary
Press was developed in 1924 to produce cards at high
speed, and punched card capacity was doubled.

305
1920s
• The growth and extension of C-T-R's
activities made the old name of the
company too limited, and, on February
14, 1924, C-T-R's name was formally
changed to International Business
Machines Corporation. By then, the
company's business had expanded both
geographically and functionally,
including the completion of three
manufacturing facilities in Europe.

306
1930s
• During the Great Depression of the 1930s,
IBM managed to grow while the rest of
the U.S. economy floundered（挣扎）.
Thomas J. Watson, Sr., took care of his
employees. IBM was among the first
corporations to provide group life
insurance (1934), survivor benefits (1935)
and paid vacations (1936).

307
1930s
• While most businesses had shut down, Watson
kept his workers busy producing new machines
even while demand was slack（淡季）. Thanks to
（由于）the resulting large inventory （存货）of
equipment, IBM was ready when the Social
Security Act of 1935 brought the company a
landmark（界碑） government contract to
maintain employment records for 26 million
people. It was called "the biggest accounting
operation of all time," and it went so well that
orders from other U.S. government departments
quickly followed.

308
1930s
• Watson created a major division in 1932
to lead the engineering, research and
development efforts for the entire IBM
product line. The following year, IBM
completed one of the finest modern
research and development laboratories in
the world at Endicott, New York.

309
1930s
• Similarly, the IBM Schoolhouse was also
completed at Endicott in 1933 to provide
education and training for employees.
That same year saw the addition of an
entirely new product unit - the Electric
Writing Machine Division - to IBM's
organization. In 1935, IBM launched a
new line of business with the introduction
of the International Proof Machine.

310
1940s
• When World War II began, all IBM facilities
were placed at the disposal of the U.S.
government. IBM‘s product line expanded to
include bombsights, rifles（来复枪） and
engine parts - in all, more than three dozen
major ordnance items. Thomas Watson, Sr.,
set a nominal（名义上的） one percent
profit on those products and used the money
to establish a fund for widows and orphans
（孤儿） of war casualties（伤亡人员）.

311
1940s
• The war years also marked IBM's first
steps toward computing. The Automatic
Sequence Controlled Calculator, also
called the Mark I, was completed in 1944
after six years of development with
Harvard University. It was the first
machine that could execute long
computations automatically.

312
1940s
• Over 50 feet long, eight feet high and weighing
almost five tons, the Mark I took less than a second
to solve an addition problem but about six seconds
for multiplication and twice as long for division - far
slower than any pocket calculator today. Later in the
decade, IBM introduced the Selective Sequence
Electronic Calculator (1948) as the company's first
large-scale digital calculating machine, the successful
604 Electronic Calculating Punch (1948) - 5,600 of
which were built in a 10-year period - and the Card-
Programmed Electronic Calculator (1949), the first
IBM product designed specifically for computation
centers.

313
1950s
• IBM made a number of key technological changes
in the decade of the 1950s. In 1952, the company
introduced the IBM 701, its first large computer
based on the vacuum tube. The tubes were quicker,
smaller and more easily replaced than the
electromechanical switches in the Mark I (1944).
The 701 executed 17,000 instructions per second
and was used primarily for government and
research work. But vacuum tubes rapidly moved
computers into business applications such as billing,
payroll and inventory control. By 1959, transistors
were replacing vacuum tubes.

314
1950s
• The IBM 7090, one of the first fully
transistorized mainframes, could perform
229,000 calculations per second. The U.S. Air
Force used the 7090 to run its Ballistic Missile
（弹道导弹）Early Warning System. IBM led
data processing in a new direction with the
1957 delivery of the IBM 305 Random Access
Method of Accounting and Control (RAMAC),
the first computer disk storage system. Such
machines became the industry's basic storage
medium for transaction processing.

315
1950s
• In less than a second, the RAMAC's "random
access" arm could retrieve data stored on any
of the 50 spinning disks. At an IBM exhibit at
the 1958 World's Fair in Brussels, the RAMAC
answered world history questions in ten
languages. Also in 1957, IBM introduced
FORTRAN (FORmula TRANSlation), a
computer language based on algebra, grammar
and syntax rules. It became one of the most
widely used computer languages for technical
work.

316
1950s
• A new generation of IBM leadership
oversaw （监视）this period of rapid
technological change. After nearly four
decades as IBM's chief executive,
Thomas J. Watson, Sr., passed the title of
president on to his son, Thomas J.
Watson, Jr., in 1952. He became chief
executive officer just six weeks before his
father's death on June 19, 1956 at age 82.

317
1960s
• Just as his father saw the company's
future in tabulators rather than scales
and clocks, Thomas J. Watson, Jr.,
foresaw the role computers would play in
business, and he led IBM's
transformation from a medium-sized
maker of tabulating equipment and
typewriters into a computer industry
leader.

318
1960s
• Under Thomas J. Watson, Jr., there were also
innovations in marketing. In 1969, IBM
changed the way it sold technology. Rather
than offer hardware, services and software
exclusively in packages, marketers “unbundled”
（分售） the components and offered them for
sale individually. Unbundling gave birth to the
multibillion-dollar software and services
industries, of which IBM is today a world
leader.

319
1960s
• On April 7, 1964, IBM introduced the
System/360, the first large "family" of
computers to use interchangeable
software and peripheral equipment. It
was a bold departure from the monolithic,
one-size-fits-all mainframe. Fortune
magazine dubbed it "IBM's $5 billion
gamble."

320
1960s
• System/360 offered a choice of five processors
and 19 combinations of power, speed and
memory. A user could operate the same
magnetic tape and disk products as another
user with a processor 100 times more powerful.
System/360 also offered dramatic performance
gains, thanks to Solid Logic Technology - halfinch
ceramic modules containing circuitry far
denser, faster and more reliable than earlier
transistors.

321
1970s
• The 1970s saw the end of more than a halfcentury
of Watson family leadership. Thomas
J. Watson, Jr., stepped down as CEO in 1971.
After an interim period of leadership by T.
Vincent Learson, Frank T. Cary took over the
company in 1973. Watson served as U.S.
ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1979 to
1981 and remained a member of IBM's board
of directors until 1984. He died in 1993 at the
age of 79.

322
1970s
• During Cary's tenure, the computer industry
expanded and wove its way into everyday life.
The floppy disk, introduced in 1971, became
the standard for storing personal computer
data. When people shopped for groceries,
IBM's supermarket checkout station,
introduced in 1973, used glass prisms, lenses
and a laser to read product prices. Also in 1973,
bank customers began making withdrawals,
transfers and other account inquiries via the
IBM 3614 Consumer Transaction Facility, an
early form of today's Automatic Teller
Machines.

323
1980s
• The appointment of John R. Opel as
CEO in 1981 coincided with the
beginning of a new era in computing.
Thanks to the birth of the IBM Personal
Computer or PC, the IBM brand began
to enter homes, small business and
schools.

324
1980s
• Though not a spectacular machine by
technological standards, the IBM PC brought
together all of the most desirable features of a
computer into one small machine. It offered 16
kilobytes of user memory (expandable to 256
kilobytes), one or two floppy disks and an
optional color monitor. When designing the PC,
IBM for the first time contracted the
production of its components to outside
companies. The processor chip came from Intel
and the operating system, called DOS (Disk
Operating System) came from a 32-person
company called Microsoft.

325
1980s
• John F. Akers became CEO in 1985 and
focused on streamlining operations and
redeploying resources. During Akers'
tenure, IBM's significant investment in
research produced four Nobel Prize
winners in physics, achieved
breakthroughs in mathematics, memory
storage and telecommunications, and
made great strides in expanding
computing capabilities.

326
1980s
• The IBM token-ring local area network,
introduced in 1985, permitted personal
computer users to exchange information
and share printers and files within a
building or complex. With the further
development of the computer, IBM laid a
foundation for network computing and
numerous other applications.

327
1990s
• During the 1980s and early 1990s, IBM
was thrown into turmoil by back-to-back
revolutions. The PC revolution placed
computers directly in the hands of
millions of people. And then, the
client/server revolution sought to link all
of those PCs (the "clients") with larger
computers that labored in the
background (the "servers" that served
data and applications to client machines).

328
1990s
• Both revolutions transformed the way customers
viewed, used and bought technology. And both
fundamentally rocked IBM. Businesses' purchasing
decisions were put in the hands of individuals and
departments - not the places where IBM had longstanding
customer relationships. Piece-part
technologies took precedence over integrated solutions.
The focus was on the desktop and personal
productivity, not on business applications across the
enterprise. By 1993, the company's annual net losses
reached a record $8 billion. Cost management and
streamlining became a chief concern. And IBM
considered splitting its divisions into separate
independent businesses.

329
1990s
• Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. arrived as IBM's
chairman and CEO on April 1, 1993. For
the first time in the company's history
IBM had found a leader from outside its
ranks. Gerstner had been chairman and
CEO of RJR Nabisco for four years, and
had previously spent 11 years as a top
executive at American Express.

330
1990s
• Gerstner brought with him a customeroriented
sensibility and the strategic-thinking
expertise that he had honed through years as a
management consultant at McKinsey & Co.
Soon after he arrived, he had to take dramatic
action to stabilize the company. These steps
included rebuilding IBM's product line,
continuing to shrink the workforce and making
significant cost reductions.

331
1990s
• Despite mounting pressure to split IBM
into separate, independent companies,
Gerstner decided to keep the company
together. He recognized that one of
IBM's enduring strengths was its ability
to provide integrated solutions for
customers - someone to represent more
than piece parts or components. Splitting
the company would have destroyed a
unique IBM advantage.

332
1990s
• With the rise of the Internet and network
computing the company experienced another
dramatic shift in the industry. But this time
IBM was better prepared. All the hard work
IBM had done to catch up in the client/server
field served the company well in the network
computing era. Once again, customers were
focused on integrated business solutions - a key
IBM strength that combined the company's
expertise in solutions, services, products and
technologies.

333
1990s
• In the fall of 1995, delivering the keynote
address at the COMDEX computer industry
trade show in Las Vegas, Gerstner articulated
IBM's new vision - that network computing
would drive the next phase of industry growth
and would be the company's overarching
strategy. That year, IBM acquired Lotus
Development Corp., and the next year acquired
Tivoli Systems Inc. Services became the fastest
growing segment of the company, with growth
at more than 20 percent per year.

334
1990s
• In May 1997, IBM dramatically demonstrated
computing's potential with Deep Blue, a 32-
node IBM RS/6000 SP computer programmed
to play chess on a world class level. In a sixgame
match in New York, Deep Blue defeated
World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov. It
was the first time a computer had beaten a topranked
chess player in tournament play, and it
ignited a public debate on how close computers
could come to approximating human
intelligence.

335
1990s
• The scientists behind Deep Blue, however,
preferred to stress more practical
concerns. Deep Blue's calculating power -
it could assess 200 million chess moves
per second - had a wide range of
applications in fields calling for the
systematic exploration of a vast number
of variables, among them forecasting
weather, modeling financial data and
developing new drug therapies.

336
1990s
• As the decade drew to a close, IBM stood on the
threshold of the new century having
reestablished itself as a leading information
technology innovator. Its leadership helped
create the e-business revolution. And it had
successfully transformed itself, achieving an
impressive business turnaround. As the new
century opened, IBM moved confidently into a
future it helped create, one that is linked to the
ubiquitous and surging presence of the global
networks that are connecting every computer,
and soon perhaps, every electronic device in the
world.

337
2000s
• The decade begins with a Y2K-related drop-off
in customer demand and the collapse of the
dot-coms. If 2000 is seen as a watershed for ebusiness,
2001 is the year the world's
established enterprises awake to its true
possibilities -- and information technology
requirements. In addition, IBM debuts a new
generation of servers -- the eServer -- for
meeting entirely new, unprecedented demands
on the underlying infrastructure supporting ebusiness.

338
2000s
• The 2000's are also marked by a
transition in IBM's leadership. Samuel J.
Palmisano becomes president and chief
operating officer in 2000 and then, two
years later, he is named chief executive
officer of IBM. As CEO, Palmisano
succeeds Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., who
remains IBM chairman through 2002.

339
5.2 The History SUN
• Sun Microsystems. Hackers remember
that the name was originally an acronym,
Stanford University Network. Sun
started out around 1980 with some
hardware hackers (mainly) from
Stanford talking to some software
hackers (mainly) from UC Berkeley;
Sun's original technology concept
married a clever board design based on
the Motorola 68000 to BSD Unix.

340
1982: Getting Started
• Incorporated in
February 1982, with
four employees.
• First workstation
introduced. It includes
TCP/IP, now known
as the Internet
protocol suite.

341
1983: First Big Break
• Sun and Computervision sign a $40
million OEM agreement.
• Operations begin in Europe.

342
1984: The Big Idea
• NFS （ 网络文件系统） technology
introduced and licensed free to the
industry. It's destined to become the
industry standard for network file
sharing.

343
1986: Extending the Enterprise
• PC-NFS technology introduced. It brings
the power of network computing to PC
users, and opens a whole new market for
Sun.
• Sun has a wildly successful initial public
stock offering.
• Sun begins operations in Asia and
Australia.

344
1987: Big Business
• Sun and AT&T lay the groundwork for
business computing in the next decade
with an alliance to develop UNIX(R)
System V Release 4.
• Sun takes lead in workstation market.
• Sun connects to Internet.

345
1988: Getting Bigger
• Sun reaches $1 billion in revenue--the
fastest rise ever for a computer company
with a direct sales force.
• "Words fail to describe how successful
Sun has been. For a company to grow at
that rate is just incredible."
- Robert Herwick, Hambrecht & Quist

346
1989: Welcome to the New World
• SPARCstation 1 system introduced.
Features are so tightly integrated it fits in
a 3- by 16- by 16-inch enclosure--the first
"pizza box."
• Sun's expanded alliances with Informix,
Ingres, Oracle, and Sybase set the stage
for our emergence as the number one
database platform.

347
1989: Welcome to the New World
• Sun opens research and development
center in France.
• Sun becomes an executive member of the
independent, open standards
organization, SPARC International, Inc.

348
1990: Making Power more Affordable
• Sun follows up on the success of the
SPARCstation 1 with four new models--
including the first workstation for under
$5,000.
• Manufacturing plant opens in Scotland.

349
1991: Setting New Standards
• Sun's market share in RISC--the world's
fastest, most powerful computing
architecture--hits 63 percent.
• More than half a million systems shipped
to date.
• Sun unveils Solaris 2 operating
environment, specially tuned for symetric
multiprocessing.
• Operations begin in Latin America.

350
1992: Making a Name for Ourselves
• Leading the desktop performance race,
Sun introduces the SPARCstation 10
system, the first multiprocessing desktop
computer.

351
1993: One Million and Counting
• In just over 10 years, Sun reaches an
incredible milestone--one million systems
shipped.
• Sun makes its debut on the Fortune 500.
• Years of leadership pay off: Sun, IBM,
HP, and others unify UNIX system
software.

352
1994: Enterprise Computing Comes of Age
• Sun stages the Enterprise Computing
Summit--a week-long multimedia event
and conference showcasing our network
computing expertise.
• As the exclusive computer supplier for
the 1994 World Cup, Sun enables
hundreds of thousands of soccer fans to
tap into the Internet for up-to-the-minute
information.

353
• Revolutionary computerized retrofit of
the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco
uses structural analysis with 3-D
animation on Sun workstations and
servers to dramatically reduce costs while
improving public safety.

354
1995: The Java Technology Revolution Begins
• Sun introduces the first universal
software platform, designed from the
ground up for the Internet and corporate
intranets. Java technology enables
developers to write applications once to
run on any computer.
• More than 100 Sun systems are used to
render images for Disney's "Toy Story,"
the first all computer-generated feature
film.

355
1995
• Sun and third-party associates reach
another milestone--10,000 solutions on
the SPARC/Solaris platform.
• Sun offers downloadable try-and-buy
software on the Internet.

356
1995
• SunSolve Online provides technical
support via the Internet.
• Sun receives ISO 9001 certification for
quality in all major country service
organizations, and ISO 9002 certification
for all worldwide manufacturing
operations.

357
1996: At Home in Cyberspace
• To stage "24 Hours in Cyberspace," the
largest online event in history, Against
All Odds Productions turns to the one
company with more Internet and intranet
experience than any other: Sun.
• Sun Ultra workstation family introduced.
Features the 64-bit UltraSPARC
processor with on-chip multimedia,
graphics, and imaging technologies.

358
1996
• Sun licenses Java technology to all major
hardware and software companies.
• Sun and the House of Blues deliver interactive
entertainment to Olympic spectators in Atlanta
and around the world via the Internet.
• Sun engineer Jon Bosak leads World Wide
Web Consortium team developing XML. The
extensible markup language is destined to
become the standard for business data.

359
1997: Reaching New Heights
• Using Java technology, NASA engineers
develop an interactive application
allowing anyone on the Internet to be a
"virtual participant" in the space
administration's groundbreaking mission
to Mars.
• Sun's new server family introduced.
Includes the 64-processor Sun Enterprise
10000 server with the processing power
of four mainframes.

360
1997
• Sun becomes the first systems company
ever to demonstrate the best TPC-C
performance on all four leading database
platforms.
• Web-enhanced Solaris environment
introduced. With more than 100
enhancements, this release substantially
increases the software's Internet
performance.

361
1997
• Sun StorEdge A5000 system introduced.
It is the industry's only secondgeneration
fibre-channel disk array.
• Sun becomes the number one supplier of
UNIX multiuser disk subsystems.

362
1998: New Generation of Java Technology
• Sun redefines storage for the network age
with an Intelligent Storage Network
architecture that delivers mainframeclass
reliability, virtually unlimited
expandability, and cross-platform
information sharing.
• Say hello to instant networking. Sun's
latest breakthrough, Jini technology,
enables all kinds of devices to connect to
the network--instantly. Just plug it in,
and it works.

363
1998
• Solaris 7 operating environment raises the bar
for network software. Advanced 64-bit
technology delivers dramatic increases in
performance, capacity, and scalability.
• America Online acquires Netscape; Sun and
AOL to accelerate the growth of e-commerce
and develop next-generation Internet devices in
a historic three-year alliance.
• Next generation of Java technology introduced.
Java 2 software delivers more speed, more
flexibility, and a complete set of foundation
classes.

364
1999: Setting Rigorous Standards
• SunTone Certification program sets
rigorous standards for building a highly
reliable, highly scalable service-delivery
environment.
• Micro, Standard, and Enterprise
Editions of the Java 2 Platform provide
the tools to create innovative applications
for everything from wireless phones to
datacenter servers.

365
1999
• The Jiro platform shows the way to open
storage management.
• Netra t1 servers make their debut --
designed for service providers, by service
providers.
• Sun makes StarOffice productivity suite
available to all, free of charge.

366
1999
• Sun Ray 1 enterprise appliances with Hot
Desk technology provide an ideal solution
for enterprise workgroups.
• Sun acquires Forte, an enterprise
software company specializing in
integration solutions, to round out its
portfolio.
• Sun-Netscape Alliance unveils innovative
messaging solutions for service providers,
portals, and enterprises.

367
2000
• Sun's innovative capacity-on-demand
program gives customers the ability to
instantly respond to unpredictable spikes
in network traffic.
• Sun acquires Cobalt Networks. Popular
server appliances extend product family.
• Sun Sigma, a company-wide initiative,
takes on the most pressing challenge of
the Net economy - quality.

368
2000
• iPlanet E-Commerce Solutions, a Sun/Netscape
Alliance, unveils industry's first full-up
business-to-business commerce platform.
Includes buying, selling, billing, market making,
and trade facilitation software.
• iPlanet unveils industry's first intelligent
communications platform. Extensible software
platform enables rapid delivery of wireless and
wireline services.

369
2001: Nth Ready
• With offices in 170 countries, Sun is a
$18.25 billion global leader in network
computing solutions that "Take it to the
nth."
• Sun Open Net Environment, Sun ONE,
provides an open software platform to
create, assemble, and deploy smart,
context-aware Web services.

370
2001
• Sun's UltraSPARC III processor debuts in Sun
Blade 1000 workstations and Sun Fire 280R
workgroup servers.
• Sun Fire "midframe" computers introduced.
Midrange servers combine mainframe-style
capabilities with other enhancements.
• Sun acquires HighGround. Suite of Web-based
management solutions support wide range of
storage technologies and applications.

371
2001
• More than 2.5 million programmers are
developing innovative Java applications.
• SunTone program now includes 1300
service providers and application
providers as members.
• iPlanet delivers first integrated wireless
portal server for anytime, anywhere, any
device access.

372
2002: We Make the Net Work
• Sun introduces N1, the first architecture
to treat the network as a computer.
• Sun acquires Pirus Networks, a leader in
intelligent storage services. Company's
virtualization technology is perfect fit
with Sun's N1 architecture.
• Sun acquires Terraspring, a pioneer in
infrastructure automation software,
further enhancing the N1 architecture

373
2002
• Sun LX50 server introduced. New
general-purpose systems run Linux or
Solaris operating systems, extend product
line into 32-bit, x86 market.
• World's largest data warehouse created
from Sun-tested framework.
• Sun acquires Afara Websystems, a
company that develops next-generation
SPARC processor-based technology.

374
2003: Reducing Cost and Complexity
• Sun offers innovative per-employee
annual subscription licenses for its
software.
• Sun partners with AMD to deliver
powerful, low-cost 64-bit systems based
on the x86 architecture.
• Wireless Java products spur
development of mobile data services and
devices.

375
2003
• Sun contributes source code for Sun Grid
Engine software to development
community.
• More than 1 million students and
educators use Sun StarOffice desktop
productivity software.
• Acquisition of Pixo adds to the
capabilities of the Sun Content Delivery
Server.

376
2004: Evolution of the Network Computer
• Sun releases high-performance Java
Platform 5.0, the most advanced Java
platform in five years.
• Sun technology helps create world's
largest data warehouse, topping one
trillion rows.
• Sun unveils （揭开）Solaris 10, the most
advanced UNIX operating system on the
planet.

377
2004
• Sun Java technology is used in navigation
controls for NASA's Mars Rover and in
1.5 billion mobile phones and other
devices.
• Sun's Throughput Computing initiative
results in dual-core UltraSPARC
processors that nearly double system
performance.

378
2004
• Waveset acquisition enhances Sun's
identity management capabilities
• Project Looking Glass, Sun's 3-D desktop
interface, enriches users' computing
experience.

379
2005: The Emergence of Utility Computing
• Andy Bechtolsheim and team deliver
industry-standard Sun Fire x64
enterprise servers, code named Galaxy.
• Sun introduces Sun Fire Servers, code
named Niagara, with CoolThreads
Technology.

380
2005
• Sun becomes largest business contributor
to the global open source community with
donation of 1,600 patents.
• Sun offers pay-as-you-go compute and
storage capacity through Sun Grid.

381
2006 Systems Innovation and Eco-
Responsible Servers
• Sun launches Internet access to a
powerful compute utility, the Sun Grid,
at the affordable price of $1/CPU-hr.
• Jonathan Schwartz is named CEO while
Scott McNealy continues as chairman.
• Sun releases Solaris ZFS 1.0, a
revolutionary file system for the Solaris
10 Operating System.

382
2006
• In its first year, the OpenSolaris project
community grows to 14,000 members
with 29 user groups globally and 31
active projects.
• Sun introduces new x64 enterprise
systems, including the Sun Fire x4500
Server (Thumper) - the world's first
hybrid data server.

383
5.3 Windows History
• On November 10, 1983, Microsoft
announced Microsoft Windows®, an
extension of the MS-DOS® operating
system that would provide a graphical
operating environment for PC users.
With Windows, the graphical user
interface (GUI) era at Microsoft had
begun.

384
1983:Windows 1.0
• Many longtime PC users trace the
Microsoft Windows® operating system to
the 1990 release of Windows 3.0, the first
widely popular version of Windows and
the first version of Windows many PC
users ever tried. However, Microsoft
initially announced the Windows product
seven years earlier and released the first
version in 1983.

385
Windows 1.0
• The Windows 1.0
product box featured
the operating
system's new, tiled
windows and
graphical user
interface (GUI).

386
1985: Windows 1.0
• The first version of Windows provided a
new software environment for developing
and running applications that use bitmap
displays and mouse pointing devices.
Before Windows, PC users relied on the
MS-DOS® method of typing commands
at the C prompt (C:/). With Windows,
users moved a mouse to point and click
their way through tasks, such as starting
applications.

387
1985: Windows 1.0
• In addition, Windows users could switch
among several concurrently running
applications. The product included a set
of desktop applications, including the
MS-DOS file management program, a
calendar, card file, notepad, calculator,
clock, and telecommunications programs,
which helped users manage day-to-day
activities.

388
Windows 1.0 GUI
• This early Interface
Manager product
preceded the
Windows 1.0 GUI.

389
1987: Windows 2.0
• Windows 2.0 took advantage of the improved
processing speed of the Intel 286 processor,
expanded memory, and inter-application
communication capabilities made possible
through Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE). With
improved graphics support, users could now
overlap windows, control screen layout, and
use keyboard combinations to move rapidly
through Windows operations. Many developers
wrote their first Windows–based applications
for this release.

390
1987: Windows 2.0
• The follow-up release, Windows 2.03,
took advantage of the protected mode
and extended memory capabilities of the
Intel 386 processor. Subsequent Windows
releases continued to improve the speed,
reliability, and usability of the PC as well
as interface design and capabilities.

391
1990: Windows 3.0
• The third major release of the Windows platform
from Microsoft offered improved performance,
advanced graphics with 16 colors, and full support
of the more powerful Intel 386 processor. A new
wave of 386 PCs helped drive the popularity of
Windows 3.0, which offered a wide range of useful
features and capabilities, including:
• Program Manager, File Manager, and Print
Manager.
• A completely rewritten application development
environment.
• An improved set of Windows icons.

392
1990: Windows 3.0
• The popularity of Windows 3.0 grew with
the release of a new Windows software
development kit (SDK), which helped
software developers focus more on
writing applications and less on writing
device drivers. Widespread acceptance
among third-party hardware and
software developers helped fuel the
success of Windows 3.0.

393
Windows 3.0 GUI
• The new File
Manager in
Windows 3.0.

394
1993: Windows NT 3.1
• When Microsoft Windows NT® was released to
manufacturing on July 27, 1993, Microsoft met
an important milestone: the completion of a
project begun in the late 1980s to build an
advanced new operating system from scratch.
"Windows NT represents nothing less than a
fundamental change in the way that companies
can address their business computing
requirements," Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates
said at its release.

395
1993: Windows NT 3.1
• That change is represented in the
product's name: "NT" stands for new
technology. To maintain consistency with
Windows 3.1, a well-established home
and business operating system at the time,
the new Windows NT operating system
began with version 3.1. Unlike Windows
3.1, however, Windows NT 3.1 was a 32-
bit operating system.

396
1993: Windows NT 3.1
• Windows NT was the first Windows
operating system to combine support for
high-end, client/server business
applications with the industry's leading
personal productivity applications. It was
initially available in both a desktop
(workstation) version and a server
version called Windows NT Advanced
Server.

397
1993: Windows NT 3.1
• The desktop version was well received by
developers because of its security,
stability, and Microsoft Win32®
application programming interface
(API)—a combination that made it easier
to support powerful programs. The result
was a strategic business platform that
could also function as a technical
workstation to run high-end engineering
and scientific applications.

398
1993: Windows NT 3.1
• In addition, the operating system broke new
ground in security, operating system power,
performance, desktop scalability, and
reliability. New features included a preemptive
multitasking scheduler for Windows–based
applications, integrated networking, domain
server security, OS/2 and POSIX subsystems,
support for multiple processor architectures,
and the NTFS file system.

399
Windows NT 3.1 GUI
• Windows NT 3.1
contained
overlapping
windows and
other features
similar to
Windows 3.1.

400
1993: Windows for Workgroups 3.11
• A superset of Windows 3.1, Windows for
Workgroups 3.11 added peer-to-peer
workgroup and domain networking
support. For the first time, Windows–
based PCs were network-aware and
became an integral part of the emerging
client/server computing evolution.

401
1993: Windows for Workgroups 3.11
• Windows for Workgroups was used in
local area networks (LANs) and on
standalone PCs and laptop computers. It
added features of special interest to
corporate users, such as centralized
configuration and security, significantly
improved support for Novell NetWare
networks, and remote access service
(RAS).

402
1994: Windows NT Workstation 3.5
• The Windows NT Workstation 3.5
release provided the highest degree of
protection yet for critical business
applications and data. With support for
the OpenGL graphics standard, this
operating system helped power high-end
applications for software development,
engineering, financial analysis, scientific,
and business-critical tasks.

403
1994: Windows NT Workstation 3.5
• The product also offered 32-bit
performance improvements and better
application support, including support
for NetWare file and print servers. Other
improved productivity features included
the capability to use friendlier, long file
names of up to 255 characters.

404
1995: Windows 95
• Windows 95 was the successor to the three
existing general-purpose desktop operating
systems from Microsoft—Windows 3.1,
Windows for Workgroups, and MS-DOS.
Windows 95 integrated a 32-bit TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol) stack for built-in Internet support,
dial-up networking, and new Plug and Play
capabilities that made it easy for users to install
hardware and software.

405
1995: Windows 95
• The 32-bit operating system also offered
enhanced multimedia capabilities, more
powerful features for mobile computing,
and integrated networking.

406
1996: Windows NT Workstation 4.0
• This upgrade to the Microsoft business desktop
operating system brought increased ease of use
and simplified management, higher network
throughput, and tools for developing and
managing intranets. Windows NT Workstation
4.0 included the popular Windows 95 user
interface yet provided improved networking
support for easier and more secure access to
the Internet and corporate intranets.

407
1996: Windows NT Workstation 4.0
• In October 1998, Microsoft announced
that Windows NT would no longer carry
the initials NT and that the next major
version of the business operating system
would be called Windows 2000.

408
1998: Windows 98
• Windows 98 was the upgrade from
Windows 95. Described as an operating
system that "Works Better, Plays
Better," Windows 98 was the first version
of Windows designed specifically for
consumers.

409
1998: Windows 98
• With Windows 98, users could find
information more easily on their PCs as
well as the Internet. Other ease-of-use
improvements included the ability to
open and close applications more quickly,
support for reading DVD discs, and
support for universal serial bus (USB)
devices.

410
1999: Windows 98 Second Edition
• Windows 98 SE, as it was often
abbreviated, was an incremental update
to Windows 98. It offered consumers a
variety of new and enhanced hardware
compatibility and Internet-related
features.

411
1999: Windows 98 Second Edition
• Windows 98 SE helped improve users' online
experience with the Internet Explorer 5.0
browser technology and Microsoft Windows
NetMeeting® 3.0 conferencing software. It also
included Microsoft DirectX® API 6.1, which
provided improved support for Windows
multimedia, and offered home networking
capabilities through Internet connection
sharing (ICS). Windows 98 SE was also the
first consumer operating system from
Microsoft capable of using device drivers that
also worked with the Windows NT business
operating system.

412
2000: Windows Millennium Edition
(Windows Me)
• Designed for home computer users,
Windows Me offered consumers
numerous music, video, and home
networking enhancements and reliability
improvements.

413
2000: Windows Millennium Edition
(Windows Me)
• For example, to help consumers troubleshoot
their systems, the System Restore feature let
users roll back their PC software configuration
to a date or time before a problem occurred.
Windows Movie Maker provided users with the
tools to digitally edit, save, and share home
videos. And with Microsoft Windows Media®
Player 7 technologies, users could find,
organize, and play digital media easily.

414
2000: Windows Millennium Edition
(Windows Me)
• Windows Me was the last Microsoft
operating system to be based on the
Windows 95 code base. Microsoft
announced that all future operating
system products would be based on the
Windows NT and Windows 2000 kernel.

415
2000: Windows 2000 Professional
• More than just the upgrade to Windows NT
Workstation 4.0, Windows 2000 Professional
was also designed to replace Windows 95,
Windows 98, and Windows NT Workstation
4.0 on all business desktops and laptops. Built
on top of the proven Windows NT Workstation
4.0 code base, Windows 2000 added major
improvements in reliability, ease of use,
Internet compatibility, and support for mobile
computing.

416
2000: Windows 2000 Professional
• Among other improvements, Windows
2000 Professional simplified hardware
installation by adding support for a wide
variety of new Plug and Play hardware,
including advanced networking and
wireless products, USB devices, IEEE
1394 devices, and infrared devices.

417
2001: Windows XP
• With the release of Windows XP in
October 2001, Microsoft merged its two
Windows operating system lines for
consumers and businesses, uniting them
around the Windows 2000 code base.

418
2001: Windows XP
• The "XP" in Windows XP stands for
"experience," symbolizing the innovative
experiences that Windows can offer to personal
computer users. With Windows XP, home
users can work with and enjoy music, movies,
messaging, and photos with their computer,
while business users can work smarter and
faster, thanks to new technical-support
technology, a fresh user interface, and many
other improvements that make it easier to use
for a wide range of tasks.

419
2001: Windows XP Professional
• Windows XP Professional brings the solid
foundation of Windows 2000 to the PC desktop,
enhancing reliability, security, and
performance. With a fresh visual design,
Windows XP Professional includes features for
business and advanced home computing,
including remote desktop support, an
encrypting file system, and system restore and
advanced networking features. Key
enhancements for mobile users include wireless
802.1x networking support, Windows
Messenger, and Remote Assistance.

420
2001: Windows XP Home Edition
• Windows XP Home Edition offers a clean,
simplified visual design that makes
frequently used features more accessible.
Designed for home users, the product
offers such enhancements as the Network
Setup Wizard, Windows Media Player,
Windows Movie Maker, and enhanced
digital photo capabilities.

421
2001: Windows XP 64-bit Edition
• Windows XP 64-Bit Edition satisfies the needs
of power users with workstations that use the
Intel Itanium 64-bit processor. The first 64-bit
client operating system from Microsoft,
Windows XP 64-Bit Edition is designed for
specialized, technical workstation users who
require large amounts of memory and floating
point performance in areas such as movie
special effects, 3D animation, engineering, and
scientific applications.

422
2002: Windows XP Media Center Edition
• For home computing and entertainment,
Microsoft released the Windows XP
Media Center Edition operating system
in October 2002 for specialized media
center PCs.

423
2002: Windows XP Media Center Edition
• With all the benefits of Windows XP
Professional, Media Center Edition adds
fun digital media and entertainment
options, enabling home users to browse
the Internet, watch live television,
communicate with friends and family,
enjoy digital music and video collections,
watch DVDs, and work from home.